winit/src/platform_impl/macos/window_delegate.rs

#![allow(clippy::unnecessary_cast)]
use std::cell::{Cell, RefCell};
use std::collections::VecDeque;
use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};

use core_graphics::display::{CGDisplay, CGPoint};
use monitor::VideoModeHandle;
use objc2::rc::{autoreleasepool, Retained};
use objc2::runtime::{AnyObject, ProtocolObject};
use objc2::{declare_class, msg_send_id, mutability, sel, ClassType, DeclaredClass};
use objc2_app_kit::{
    NSAppKitVersionNumber, NSAppKitVersionNumber10_12, NSAppearance, NSApplication,
    NSApplicationPresentationOptions, NSBackingStoreType, NSDraggingDestination,
    NSFilenamesPboardType, NSPasteboard, NSRequestUserAttentionType, NSScreen, NSView,
    NSWindowButton, NSWindowDelegate, NSWindowFullScreenButton, NSWindowLevel,
    NSWindowOcclusionState, NSWindowOrderingMode, NSWindowSharingType, NSWindowStyleMask,
    NSWindowTabbingMode, NSWindowTitleVisibility,
};
use objc2_foundation::{
    ns_string, CGFloat, MainThreadMarker, NSArray, NSCopying, NSDistributedNotificationCenter,
    NSObject, NSObjectNSDelayedPerforming, NSObjectNSThreadPerformAdditions, NSObjectProtocol,
    NSPoint, NSRect, NSSize, NSString,
};

use super::app_state::ApplicationDelegate;
use super::cursor::cursor_from_icon;
use super::monitor::{self, flip_window_screen_coordinates, get_display_id};
use super::observer::RunLoop;
use super::view::WinitView;
use super::window::WinitWindow;
use super::{ffi, Fullscreen, MonitorHandle, OsError, WindowId};
use crate::dpi::{LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, PhysicalPosition, PhysicalSize, Position, Size};
use crate::error::{ExternalError, NotSupportedError, OsError as RootOsError};
use crate::event::{InnerSizeWriter, WindowEvent};
use crate::platform::macos::{OptionAsAlt, WindowExtMacOS};
use crate::window::{
    Cursor, CursorGrabMode, Icon, ImePurpose, ResizeDirection, Theme, UserAttentionType,
    WindowAttributes, WindowButtons, WindowLevel,
};

#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct PlatformSpecificWindowAttributes {
    pub movable_by_window_background: bool,
    pub titlebar_transparent: bool,
    pub title_hidden: bool,
    pub titlebar_hidden: bool,
    pub titlebar_buttons_hidden: bool,
    pub fullsize_content_view: bool,
    pub disallow_hidpi: bool,
    pub has_shadow: bool,
    pub accepts_first_mouse: bool,
    pub tabbing_identifier: Option<String>,
    pub option_as_alt: OptionAsAlt,
}

impl Default for PlatformSpecificWindowAttributes {
    #[inline]
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            movable_by_window_background: false,
            titlebar_transparent: false,
            title_hidden: false,
            titlebar_hidden: false,
            titlebar_buttons_hidden: false,
            fullsize_content_view: false,
            disallow_hidpi: false,
            has_shadow: true,
            accepts_first_mouse: true,
            tabbing_identifier: None,
            option_as_alt: Default::default(),
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Debug)]
pub(crate) struct State {
    /// Strong reference to the global application state.
    app_delegate: Retained<ApplicationDelegate>,

    window: Retained<WinitWindow>,

    current_theme: Cell<Option<Theme>>,

    // During `windowDidResize`, we use this to only send Moved if the position changed.
    //
    // This is expressed in native screen coordinates.
    previous_position: Cell<Option<NSPoint>>,

    // Used to prevent redundant events.
    previous_scale_factor: Cell<f64>,

    /// The current resize increments for the window content.
    resize_increments: Cell<NSSize>,
    /// Whether the window is showing decorations.
    decorations: Cell<bool>,
    resizable: Cell<bool>,
    maximized: Cell<bool>,

    /// Presentation options saved before entering `set_simple_fullscreen`, and
    /// restored upon exiting it. Also used when transitioning from Borderless to
    /// Exclusive fullscreen in `set_fullscreen` because we need to disable the menu
    /// bar in exclusive fullscreen but want to restore the original options when
    /// transitioning back to borderless fullscreen.
    save_presentation_opts: Cell<Option<NSApplicationPresentationOptions>>,
    // This is set when WindowAttributes::with_fullscreen was set,
    // see comments of `window_did_fail_to_enter_fullscreen`
    initial_fullscreen: Cell<bool>,
    /// This field tracks the current fullscreen state of the window
    /// (as seen by `WindowDelegate`).
    fullscreen: RefCell<Option<Fullscreen>>,
    // If it is attempted to toggle fullscreen when in_fullscreen_transition is true,
    // Set target_fullscreen and do after fullscreen transition is end.
    target_fullscreen: RefCell<Option<Option<Fullscreen>>>,
    // This is true between windowWillEnterFullScreen and windowDidEnterFullScreen
    // or windowWillExitFullScreen and windowDidExitFullScreen.
    // We must not toggle fullscreen when this is true.
    in_fullscreen_transition: Cell<bool>,
    standard_frame: Cell<Option<NSRect>>,
    is_simple_fullscreen: Cell<bool>,
    saved_style: Cell<Option<NSWindowStyleMask>>,
}

declare_class!(
    pub(crate) struct WindowDelegate;

    unsafe impl ClassType for WindowDelegate {
        type Super = NSObject;
        type Mutability = mutability::MainThreadOnly;
        const NAME: &'static str = "WinitWindowDelegate";
    }

    impl DeclaredClass for WindowDelegate {
        type Ivars = State;
    }

    unsafe impl NSObjectProtocol for WindowDelegate {}

    unsafe impl NSWindowDelegate for WindowDelegate {
        #[method(windowShouldClose:)]
        fn window_should_close(&self, _: Option<&AnyObject>) -> bool {
            trace_scope!("windowShouldClose:");
            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::CloseRequested);
            false
        }

        #[method(windowWillClose:)]
        fn window_will_close(&self, _: Option<&AnyObject>) {
            trace_scope!("windowWillClose:");
            // `setDelegate:` retains the previous value and then autoreleases it
            autoreleasepool(|_| {
                // Since El Capitan, we need to be careful that delegate methods can't
                // be called after the window closes.
                self.window().setDelegate(None);
            });
            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::Destroyed);
        }

        #[method(windowDidResize:)]
        fn window_did_resize(&self, _: Option<&AnyObject>) {
            trace_scope!("windowDidResize:");
            // NOTE: WindowEvent::Resized is reported in frameDidChange.
            self.emit_move_event();
        }

        #[method(windowWillStartLiveResize:)]
        fn window_will_start_live_resize(&self, _: Option<&AnyObject>) {
            trace_scope!("windowWillStartLiveResize:");

            let increments = self.ivars().resize_increments.get();
            self.set_resize_increments_inner(increments);
        }

        #[method(windowDidEndLiveResize:)]
        fn window_did_end_live_resize(&self, _: Option<&AnyObject>) {
            trace_scope!("windowDidEndLiveResize:");
            self.set_resize_increments_inner(NSSize::new(1., 1.));
        }

        // This won't be triggered if the move was part of a resize.
        #[method(windowDidMove:)]
        fn window_did_move(&self, _: Option<&AnyObject>) {
            trace_scope!("windowDidMove:");
            self.emit_move_event();
        }

        #[method(windowDidChangeBackingProperties:)]
        fn window_did_change_backing_properties(&self, _: Option<&AnyObject>) {
            trace_scope!("windowDidChangeBackingProperties:");
            let scale_factor = self.scale_factor();
            if scale_factor == self.ivars().previous_scale_factor.get() {
                return;
            };
            self.ivars().previous_scale_factor.set(scale_factor);

            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::from(self);
            let this = self.retain();
            RunLoop::main(mtm).queue_closure(move || {
                this.handle_scale_factor_changed(scale_factor);
            });
        }

        #[method(windowDidBecomeKey:)]
        fn window_did_become_key(&self, _: Option<&AnyObject>) {
            trace_scope!("windowDidBecomeKey:");
            // TODO: center the cursor if the window had mouse grab when it
            // lost focus
            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::Focused(true));
        }

        #[method(windowDidResignKey:)]
        fn window_did_resign_key(&self, _: Option<&AnyObject>) {
            trace_scope!("windowDidResignKey:");
            // It happens rather often, e.g. when the user is Cmd+Tabbing, that the
            // NSWindowDelegate will receive a didResignKey event despite no event
            // being received when the modifiers are released.  This is because
            // flagsChanged events are received by the NSView instead of the
            // NSWindowDelegate, and as a result a tracked modifiers state can quite
            // easily fall out of synchrony with reality.  This requires us to emit
            // a synthetic ModifiersChanged event when we lose focus.
            self.view().reset_modifiers();

            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::Focused(false));
        }

        /// Invoked when before enter fullscreen
        #[method(windowWillEnterFullScreen:)]
        fn window_will_enter_fullscreen(&self, _: Option<&AnyObject>) {
            trace_scope!("windowWillEnterFullScreen:");

            self.ivars().maximized.set(self.is_zoomed());
            let mut fullscreen = self.ivars().fullscreen.borrow_mut();
            match &*fullscreen {
                // Exclusive mode sets the state in `set_fullscreen` as the user
                // can't enter exclusive mode by other means (like the
                // fullscreen button on the window decorations)
                Some(Fullscreen::Exclusive(_)) => (),
                // `window_will_enter_fullscreen` was triggered and we're already
                // in fullscreen, so we must've reached here by `set_fullscreen`
                // as it updates the state
                Some(Fullscreen::Borderless(_)) => (),
                // Otherwise, we must've reached fullscreen by the user clicking
                // on the green fullscreen button. Update state!
                None => {
                    let current_monitor = self.current_monitor_inner();
                    *fullscreen = Some(Fullscreen::Borderless(current_monitor));
                },
            }
            self.ivars().in_fullscreen_transition.set(true);
        }

        /// Invoked when before exit fullscreen
        #[method(windowWillExitFullScreen:)]
        fn window_will_exit_fullscreen(&self, _: Option<&AnyObject>) {
            trace_scope!("windowWillExitFullScreen:");

            self.ivars().in_fullscreen_transition.set(true);
        }

        #[method(window:willUseFullScreenPresentationOptions:)]
        fn window_will_use_fullscreen_presentation_options(
            &self,
            _: Option<&AnyObject>,
            proposed_options: NSApplicationPresentationOptions,
        ) -> NSApplicationPresentationOptions {
            trace_scope!("window:willUseFullScreenPresentationOptions:");
            // Generally, games will want to disable the menu bar and the dock. Ideally,
            // this would be configurable by the user. Unfortunately because of our
            // `CGShieldingWindowLevel() + 1` hack (see `set_fullscreen`), our window is
            // placed on top of the menu bar in exclusive fullscreen mode. This looks
            // broken so we always disable the menu bar in exclusive fullscreen. We may
            // still want to make this configurable for borderless fullscreen. Right now
            // we don't, for consistency. If we do, it should be documented that the
            // user-provided options are ignored in exclusive fullscreen.
            let mut options = proposed_options;
            let fullscreen = self.ivars().fullscreen.borrow();
            if let Some(Fullscreen::Exclusive(_)) = &*fullscreen {
                options = NSApplicationPresentationOptions::NSApplicationPresentationFullScreen
                    | NSApplicationPresentationOptions::NSApplicationPresentationHideDock
                    | NSApplicationPresentationOptions::NSApplicationPresentationHideMenuBar;
            }

            options
        }

        /// Invoked when entered fullscreen
        #[method(windowDidEnterFullScreen:)]
        fn window_did_enter_fullscreen(&self, _: Option<&AnyObject>) {
            trace_scope!("windowDidEnterFullScreen:");
            self.ivars().initial_fullscreen.set(false);
            self.ivars().in_fullscreen_transition.set(false);
            if let Some(target_fullscreen) = self.ivars().target_fullscreen.take() {
                self.set_fullscreen(target_fullscreen);
            }
        }

        /// Invoked when exited fullscreen
        #[method(windowDidExitFullScreen:)]
        fn window_did_exit_fullscreen(&self, _: Option<&AnyObject>) {
            trace_scope!("windowDidExitFullScreen:");

            self.restore_state_from_fullscreen();
            self.ivars().in_fullscreen_transition.set(false);
            if let Some(target_fullscreen) = self.ivars().target_fullscreen.take() {
                self.set_fullscreen(target_fullscreen);
            }
        }

        /// Invoked when fail to enter fullscreen
        ///
        /// When this window launch from a fullscreen app (e.g. launch from VS Code
        /// terminal), it creates a new virtual desktop and a transition animation.
        /// This animation takes one second and cannot be disable without
        /// elevated privileges. In this animation time, all toggleFullscreen events
        /// will be failed. In this implementation, we will try again by using
        /// performSelector:withObject:afterDelay: until window_did_enter_fullscreen.
        /// It should be fine as we only do this at initialization (i.e with_fullscreen
        /// was set).
        ///
        /// From Apple doc:
        /// In some cases, the transition to enter full-screen mode can fail,
        /// due to being in the midst of handling some other animation or user gesture.
        /// This method indicates that there was an error, and you should clean up any
        /// work you may have done to prepare to enter full-screen mode.
        #[method(windowDidFailToEnterFullScreen:)]
        fn window_did_fail_to_enter_fullscreen(&self, _: Option<&AnyObject>) {
            trace_scope!("windowDidFailToEnterFullScreen:");
            self.ivars().in_fullscreen_transition.set(false);
            self.ivars().target_fullscreen.replace(None);
            if self.ivars().initial_fullscreen.get() {
                unsafe {
                    self.window().performSelector_withObject_afterDelay(
                        sel!(toggleFullScreen:),
                        None,
                        0.5,
                    )
                };
            } else {
                self.restore_state_from_fullscreen();
            }
        }

        // Invoked when the occlusion state of the window changes
        #[method(windowDidChangeOcclusionState:)]
        fn window_did_change_occlusion_state(&self, _: Option<&AnyObject>) {
            trace_scope!("windowDidChangeOcclusionState:");
            let visible = self.window().occlusionState().contains(NSWindowOcclusionState::Visible);
            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::Occluded(!visible));
        }

        #[method(windowDidChangeScreen:)]
        fn window_did_change_screen(&self, _: Option<&AnyObject>) {
            trace_scope!("windowDidChangeScreen:");
            let is_simple_fullscreen = self.ivars().is_simple_fullscreen.get();
            if is_simple_fullscreen {
                if let Some(screen) = self.window().screen() {
                    self.window().setFrame_display(screen.frame(), true);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    unsafe impl NSDraggingDestination for WindowDelegate {
        /// Invoked when the dragged image enters destination bounds or frame
        #[method(draggingEntered:)]
        fn dragging_entered(&self, sender: &NSObject) -> bool {
            trace_scope!("draggingEntered:");

            use std::path::PathBuf;

            let pb: Retained<NSPasteboard> = unsafe { msg_send_id![sender, draggingPasteboard] };
            let filenames = pb.propertyListForType(unsafe { NSFilenamesPboardType }).unwrap();
            let filenames: Retained<NSArray<NSString>> = unsafe { Retained::cast(filenames) };

            filenames.into_iter().for_each(|file| {
                let path = PathBuf::from(file.to_string());
                self.queue_event(WindowEvent::HoveredFile(path));
            });

            true
        }

        /// Invoked when the image is released
        #[method(prepareForDragOperation:)]
        fn prepare_for_drag_operation(&self, _sender: &NSObject) -> bool {
            trace_scope!("prepareForDragOperation:");
            true
        }

        /// Invoked after the released image has been removed from the screen
        #[method(performDragOperation:)]
        fn perform_drag_operation(&self, sender: &NSObject) -> bool {
            trace_scope!("performDragOperation:");

            use std::path::PathBuf;

            let pb: Retained<NSPasteboard> = unsafe { msg_send_id![sender, draggingPasteboard] };
            let filenames = pb.propertyListForType(unsafe { NSFilenamesPboardType }).unwrap();
            let filenames: Retained<NSArray<NSString>> = unsafe { Retained::cast(filenames) };

            filenames.into_iter().for_each(|file| {
                let path = PathBuf::from(file.to_string());
                self.queue_event(WindowEvent::DroppedFile(path));
            });

            true
        }

        /// Invoked when the dragging operation is complete
        #[method(concludeDragOperation:)]
        fn conclude_drag_operation(&self, _sender: Option<&NSObject>) {
            trace_scope!("concludeDragOperation:");
        }

        /// Invoked when the dragging operation is cancelled
        #[method(draggingExited:)]
        fn dragging_exited(&self, _sender: Option<&NSObject>) {
            trace_scope!("draggingExited:");
            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::HoveredFileCancelled);
        }
    }

    unsafe impl WindowDelegate {
        // Observe theme change
        #[method(effectiveAppearanceDidChange:)]
        fn effective_appearance_did_change(&self, sender: Option<&AnyObject>) {
            trace_scope!("effectiveAppearanceDidChange:");
            unsafe {
                self.performSelectorOnMainThread_withObject_waitUntilDone(
                    sel!(effectiveAppearanceDidChangedOnMainThread:),
                    sender,
                    false,
                )
            };
        }

        #[method(effectiveAppearanceDidChangedOnMainThread:)]
        fn effective_appearance_did_changed_on_main_thread(&self, _: Option<&AnyObject>) {
            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::from(self);
            let theme = get_ns_theme(mtm);
            let old_theme = self.ivars().current_theme.replace(Some(theme));
            if old_theme != Some(theme) {
                self.queue_event(WindowEvent::ThemeChanged(theme));
            }
        }
    }
);

fn new_window(
    app_delegate: &ApplicationDelegate,
    attrs: &WindowAttributes,
    mtm: MainThreadMarker,
) -> Option<Retained<WinitWindow>> {
    autoreleasepool(|_| {
        let screen = match attrs.fullscreen.clone().map(Into::into) {
            Some(Fullscreen::Borderless(Some(monitor)))
            | Some(Fullscreen::Exclusive(VideoModeHandle { monitor, .. })) => {
                monitor.ns_screen(mtm).or_else(|| NSScreen::mainScreen(mtm))
            },
            Some(Fullscreen::Borderless(None)) => NSScreen::mainScreen(mtm),
            None => None,
        };
        let frame = match &screen {
            Some(screen) => screen.frame(),
            None => {
                let scale_factor = NSScreen::mainScreen(mtm)
                    .map(|screen| screen.backingScaleFactor() as f64)
                    .unwrap_or(1.0);
                let size = match attrs.inner_size {
                    Some(size) => {
                        let size = size.to_logical(scale_factor);
                        NSSize::new(size.width, size.height)
                    },
                    None => NSSize::new(800.0, 600.0),
                };
                let position = match attrs.position {
                    Some(position) => {
                        let position = position.to_logical(scale_factor);
                        flip_window_screen_coordinates(NSRect::new(
                            NSPoint::new(position.x, position.y),
                            size,
                        ))
                    },
                    // This value is ignored by calling win.center() below
                    None => NSPoint::new(0.0, 0.0),
                };
                NSRect::new(position, size)
            },
        };

        let mut masks = if (!attrs.decorations && screen.is_none())
            || attrs.platform_specific.titlebar_hidden
        {
            // Resizable without a titlebar or borders
            // if decorations is set to false, ignore pl_attrs
            //
            // if the titlebar is hidden, ignore other pl_attrs
            NSWindowStyleMask::Borderless
                | NSWindowStyleMask::Resizable
                | NSWindowStyleMask::Miniaturizable
        } else {
            // default case, resizable window with titlebar and titlebar buttons
            NSWindowStyleMask::Closable
                | NSWindowStyleMask::Miniaturizable
                | NSWindowStyleMask::Resizable
                | NSWindowStyleMask::Titled
        };

        if !attrs.resizable {
            masks &= !NSWindowStyleMask::Resizable;
        }

        if !attrs.enabled_buttons.contains(WindowButtons::MINIMIZE) {
            masks &= !NSWindowStyleMask::Miniaturizable;
        }

        if !attrs.enabled_buttons.contains(WindowButtons::CLOSE) {
            masks &= !NSWindowStyleMask::Closable;
        }

        if attrs.platform_specific.fullsize_content_view {
            masks |= NSWindowStyleMask::FullSizeContentView;
        }

        let window: Option<Retained<WinitWindow>> = unsafe {
            msg_send_id![
                super(mtm.alloc().set_ivars(())),
                initWithContentRect: frame,
                styleMask: masks,
                backing: NSBackingStoreType::NSBackingStoreBuffered,
                defer: false,
            ]
        };
        let window = window?;

        // It is very important for correct memory management that we
        // disable the extra release that would otherwise happen when
        // calling `close` on the window.
        unsafe { window.setReleasedWhenClosed(false) };

        window.setTitle(&NSString::from_str(&attrs.title));
        window.setAcceptsMouseMovedEvents(true);

        if let Some(identifier) = &attrs.platform_specific.tabbing_identifier {
            window.setTabbingIdentifier(&NSString::from_str(identifier));
            window.setTabbingMode(NSWindowTabbingMode::Preferred);
        }

        if attrs.content_protected {
            window.setSharingType(NSWindowSharingType::NSWindowSharingNone);
        }

        if attrs.platform_specific.titlebar_transparent {
            window.setTitlebarAppearsTransparent(true);
        }
        if attrs.platform_specific.title_hidden {
            window.setTitleVisibility(NSWindowTitleVisibility::NSWindowTitleHidden);
        }
        if attrs.platform_specific.titlebar_buttons_hidden {
            for titlebar_button in &[
                #[allow(deprecated)]
                NSWindowFullScreenButton,
                NSWindowButton::NSWindowMiniaturizeButton,
                NSWindowButton::NSWindowCloseButton,
                NSWindowButton::NSWindowZoomButton,
            ] {
                if let Some(button) = window.standardWindowButton(*titlebar_button) {
                    button.setHidden(true);
                }
            }
        }
        if attrs.platform_specific.movable_by_window_background {
            window.setMovableByWindowBackground(true);
        }

        if !attrs.enabled_buttons.contains(WindowButtons::MAXIMIZE) {
            if let Some(button) = window.standardWindowButton(NSWindowButton::NSWindowZoomButton) {
                button.setEnabled(false);
            }
        }

        if !attrs.platform_specific.has_shadow {
            window.setHasShadow(false);
        }
        if attrs.position.is_none() {
            window.center();
        }

        let view = WinitView::new(
            app_delegate,
            &window,
            attrs.platform_specific.accepts_first_mouse,
            attrs.platform_specific.option_as_alt,
        );

        // The default value of `setWantsBestResolutionOpenGLSurface:` was `false` until
        // macos 10.14 and `true` after 10.15, we should set it to `YES` or `NO` to avoid
        // always the default system value in favour of the user's code
        #[allow(deprecated)]
        view.setWantsBestResolutionOpenGLSurface(!attrs.platform_specific.disallow_hidpi);

        // On Mojave, views automatically become layer-backed shortly after being added to
        // a window. Changing the layer-backedness of a view breaks the association between
        // the view and its associated OpenGL context. To work around this, on Mojave we
        // explicitly make the view layer-backed up front so that AppKit doesn't do it
        // itself and break the association with its context.
        if unsafe { NSAppKitVersionNumber }.floor() > NSAppKitVersionNumber10_12 {
            view.setWantsLayer(true);
        }

        // Configure the new view as the "key view" for the window
        window.setContentView(Some(&view));
        window.setInitialFirstResponder(Some(&view));

        if attrs.transparent {
            window.setOpaque(false);
        }

        // register for drag and drop operations.
        window
            .registerForDraggedTypes(&NSArray::from_id_slice(&[
                unsafe { NSFilenamesPboardType }.copy()
            ]));

        Some(window)
    })
}

impl WindowDelegate {
    pub(super) fn new(
        app_delegate: &ApplicationDelegate,
        attrs: WindowAttributes,
        mtm: MainThreadMarker,
    ) -> Result<Retained<Self>, RootOsError> {
        let window = new_window(app_delegate, &attrs, mtm)
            .ok_or_else(|| os_error!(OsError::CreationError("couldn't create `NSWindow`")))?;

        #[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
        match attrs.parent_window.map(|handle| handle.0) {
            Some(rwh_06::RawWindowHandle::AppKit(handle)) => {
                // SAFETY: Caller ensures the pointer is valid or NULL
                // Unwrap is fine, since the pointer comes from `NonNull`.
                let parent_view: Retained<NSView> =
                    unsafe { Retained::retain(handle.ns_view.as_ptr().cast()) }.unwrap();
                let parent = parent_view.window().ok_or_else(|| {
                    os_error!(OsError::CreationError("parent view should be installed in a window"))
                })?;

                // SAFETY: We know that there are no parent -> child -> parent cycles since the only
                // place in `winit` where we allow making a window a child window is
                // right here, just after it's been created.
                unsafe {
                    parent.addChildWindow_ordered(&window, NSWindowOrderingMode::NSWindowAbove)
                };
            },
            Some(raw) => panic!("invalid raw window handle {raw:?} on macOS"),
            None => (),
        }

        let resize_increments =
            match attrs.resize_increments.map(|i| i.to_logical(window.backingScaleFactor() as _)) {
                Some(LogicalSize { width, height }) if width >= 1. && height >= 1. => {
                    NSSize::new(width, height)
                },
                _ => NSSize::new(1., 1.),
            };

        let scale_factor = window.backingScaleFactor() as _;

        let current_theme = match attrs.preferred_theme {
            Some(theme) => Some(theme),
            None => Some(get_ns_theme(mtm)),
        };

        let delegate = mtm.alloc().set_ivars(State {
            app_delegate: app_delegate.retain(),
            window: window.retain(),
            current_theme: Cell::new(current_theme),
            previous_position: Cell::new(None),
            previous_scale_factor: Cell::new(scale_factor),
            resize_increments: Cell::new(resize_increments),
            decorations: Cell::new(attrs.decorations),
            resizable: Cell::new(attrs.resizable),
            maximized: Cell::new(attrs.maximized),
            save_presentation_opts: Cell::new(None),
            initial_fullscreen: Cell::new(attrs.fullscreen.is_some()),
            fullscreen: RefCell::new(None),
            target_fullscreen: RefCell::new(None),
            in_fullscreen_transition: Cell::new(false),
            standard_frame: Cell::new(None),
            is_simple_fullscreen: Cell::new(false),
            saved_style: Cell::new(None),
        });
        let delegate: Retained<WindowDelegate> = unsafe { msg_send_id![super(delegate), init] };

        if scale_factor != 1.0 {
            let delegate = delegate.clone();
            RunLoop::main(mtm).queue_closure(move || {
                delegate.handle_scale_factor_changed(scale_factor);
            });
        }
        window.setDelegate(Some(ProtocolObject::from_ref(&*delegate)));

        // Enable theme change event
        let notification_center = unsafe { NSDistributedNotificationCenter::defaultCenter() };
        unsafe {
            notification_center.addObserver_selector_name_object(
                &delegate,
                sel!(effectiveAppearanceDidChange:),
                Some(ns_string!("AppleInterfaceThemeChangedNotification")),
                None,
            )
        };

        if attrs.blur {
            delegate.set_blur(attrs.blur);
        }

        if let Some(dim) = attrs.min_inner_size {
            delegate.set_min_inner_size(Some(dim));
        }
        if let Some(dim) = attrs.max_inner_size {
            delegate.set_max_inner_size(Some(dim));
        }

        delegate.set_window_level(attrs.window_level);

        delegate.set_cursor(attrs.cursor);

        // XXX Send `Focused(false)` right after creating the window delegate, so we won't
        // obscure the real focused events on the startup.
        delegate.queue_event(WindowEvent::Focused(false));

        // Set fullscreen mode after we setup everything
        delegate.set_fullscreen(attrs.fullscreen.map(Into::into));

        // Setting the window as key has to happen *after* we set the fullscreen
        // state, since otherwise we'll briefly see the window at normal size
        // before it transitions.
        if attrs.visible {
            if attrs.active {
                // Tightly linked with `app_state::window_activation_hack`
                window.makeKeyAndOrderFront(None);
            } else {
                window.orderFront(None);
            }
        }

        if attrs.maximized {
            delegate.set_maximized(attrs.maximized);
        }

        Ok(delegate)
    }

    #[track_caller]
    pub(super) fn view(&self) -> Retained<WinitView> {
        // SAFETY: The view inside WinitWindow is always `WinitView`
        unsafe { Retained::cast(self.window().contentView().unwrap()) }
    }

    #[track_caller]
    pub(super) fn window(&self) -> &WinitWindow {
        &self.ivars().window
    }

    #[track_caller]
    pub(crate) fn id(&self) -> WindowId {
        self.window().id()
    }

    pub(crate) fn queue_event(&self, event: WindowEvent) {
        self.ivars().app_delegate.maybe_queue_window_event(self.window().id(), event);
    }

    fn handle_scale_factor_changed(&self, scale_factor: CGFloat) {
        let app_delegate = &self.ivars().app_delegate;
        let window = self.window();

        let content_size = window.contentRectForFrameRect(window.frame()).size;
        let content_size = LogicalSize::new(content_size.width, content_size.height);

        let suggested_size = content_size.to_physical(scale_factor);
        let new_inner_size = Arc::new(Mutex::new(suggested_size));
        app_delegate.handle_window_event(window.id(), WindowEvent::ScaleFactorChanged {
            scale_factor,
            inner_size_writer: InnerSizeWriter::new(Arc::downgrade(&new_inner_size)),
        });
        let physical_size = *new_inner_size.lock().unwrap();
        drop(new_inner_size);

        if physical_size != suggested_size {
            let logical_size = physical_size.to_logical(scale_factor);
            let size = NSSize::new(logical_size.width, logical_size.height);
            window.setContentSize(size);
        }
        app_delegate.handle_window_event(window.id(), WindowEvent::Resized(physical_size));
    }

    fn emit_move_event(&self) {
        let frame = self.window().frame();
        if self.ivars().previous_position.get() == Some(frame.origin) {
            return;
        }
        self.ivars().previous_position.set(Some(frame.origin));

        let position = flip_window_screen_coordinates(frame);
        let position =
            LogicalPosition::new(position.x, position.y).to_physical(self.scale_factor());
        self.queue_event(WindowEvent::Moved(position));
    }

    fn set_style_mask(&self, mask: NSWindowStyleMask) {
        self.window().setStyleMask(mask);
        // If we don't do this, key handling will break
        // (at least until the window is clicked again/etc.)
        let _ = self.window().makeFirstResponder(Some(&self.view()));
    }

    pub fn set_title(&self, title: &str) {
        self.window().setTitle(&NSString::from_str(title))
    }

    pub fn set_transparent(&self, transparent: bool) {
        self.window().setOpaque(!transparent)
    }

    pub fn set_blur(&self, blur: bool) {
        // NOTE: in general we want to specify the blur radius, but the choice of 80
        // should be a reasonable default.
        let radius = if blur { 80 } else { 0 };
        let window_number = unsafe { self.window().windowNumber() };
        unsafe {
            ffi::CGSSetWindowBackgroundBlurRadius(
                ffi::CGSMainConnectionID(),
                window_number,
                radius,
            );
        }
    }

    pub fn set_visible(&self, visible: bool) {
        match visible {
            true => self.window().makeKeyAndOrderFront(None),
            false => self.window().orderOut(None),
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_visible(&self) -> Option<bool> {
        Some(self.window().isVisible())
    }

    pub fn request_redraw(&self) {
        self.ivars().app_delegate.queue_redraw(self.window().id());
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn pre_present_notify(&self) {}

    pub fn outer_position(&self) -> Result<PhysicalPosition<i32>, NotSupportedError> {
        let position = flip_window_screen_coordinates(self.window().frame());
        Ok(LogicalPosition::new(position.x, position.y).to_physical(self.scale_factor()))
    }

    pub fn inner_position(&self) -> Result<PhysicalPosition<i32>, NotSupportedError> {
        let content_rect = self.window().contentRectForFrameRect(self.window().frame());
        let position = flip_window_screen_coordinates(content_rect);
        Ok(LogicalPosition::new(position.x, position.y).to_physical(self.scale_factor()))
    }

    pub fn set_outer_position(&self, position: Position) {
        let position = position.to_logical(self.scale_factor());
        let point = flip_window_screen_coordinates(NSRect::new(
            NSPoint::new(position.x, position.y),
            self.window().frame().size,
        ));
        unsafe { self.window().setFrameOrigin(point) };
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn inner_size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
        let content_rect = self.window().contentRectForFrameRect(self.window().frame());
        let logical = LogicalSize::new(content_rect.size.width, content_rect.size.height);
        logical.to_physical(self.scale_factor())
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn outer_size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
        let frame = self.window().frame();
        let logical = LogicalSize::new(frame.size.width, frame.size.height);
        logical.to_physical(self.scale_factor())
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn request_inner_size(&self, size: Size) -> Option<PhysicalSize<u32>> {
        let scale_factor = self.scale_factor();
        let size = size.to_logical(scale_factor);
        self.window().setContentSize(NSSize::new(size.width, size.height));
        None
    }

    pub fn set_min_inner_size(&self, dimensions: Option<Size>) {
        let dimensions =
            dimensions.unwrap_or(Size::Logical(LogicalSize { width: 0.0, height: 0.0 }));
        let min_size = dimensions.to_logical::<CGFloat>(self.scale_factor());

        let min_size = NSSize::new(min_size.width, min_size.height);
        unsafe { self.window().setContentMinSize(min_size) };

        // If necessary, resize the window to match constraint
        let mut current_size = self.window().contentRectForFrameRect(self.window().frame()).size;
        if current_size.width < min_size.width {
            current_size.width = min_size.width;
        }
        if current_size.height < min_size.height {
            current_size.height = min_size.height;
        }
        self.window().setContentSize(current_size);
    }

    pub fn set_max_inner_size(&self, dimensions: Option<Size>) {
        let dimensions = dimensions.unwrap_or(Size::Logical(LogicalSize {
            width: f32::MAX as f64,
            height: f32::MAX as f64,
        }));
        let scale_factor = self.scale_factor();
        let max_size = dimensions.to_logical::<CGFloat>(scale_factor);

        let max_size = NSSize::new(max_size.width, max_size.height);
        unsafe { self.window().setContentMaxSize(max_size) };

        // If necessary, resize the window to match constraint
        let mut current_size = self.window().contentRectForFrameRect(self.window().frame()).size;
        if max_size.width < current_size.width {
            current_size.width = max_size.width;
        }
        if max_size.height < current_size.height {
            current_size.height = max_size.height;
        }
        self.window().setContentSize(current_size);
    }

    pub fn resize_increments(&self) -> Option<PhysicalSize<u32>> {
        let increments = self.ivars().resize_increments.get();
        let (w, h) = (increments.width, increments.height);
        if w > 1.0 || h > 1.0 {
            Some(LogicalSize::new(w, h).to_physical(self.scale_factor()))
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    pub fn set_resize_increments(&self, increments: Option<Size>) {
        // XXX the resize increments are only used during live resizes.
        self.ivars().resize_increments.set(
            increments
                .map(|increments| {
                    let logical = increments.to_logical::<f64>(self.scale_factor());
                    NSSize::new(logical.width.max(1.0), logical.height.max(1.0))
                })
                .unwrap_or_else(|| NSSize::new(1.0, 1.0)),
        );
    }

    pub(crate) fn set_resize_increments_inner(&self, size: NSSize) {
        // It was concluded (#2411) that there is never a use-case for
        // "outer" resize increments, hence we set "inner" ones here.
        // ("outer" in macOS being just resizeIncrements, and "inner" - contentResizeIncrements)
        // This is consistent with X11 size hints behavior
        self.window().setContentResizeIncrements(size);
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn set_resizable(&self, resizable: bool) {
        self.ivars().resizable.set(resizable);
        let fullscreen = self.ivars().fullscreen.borrow().is_some();
        if !fullscreen {
            let mut mask = self.window().styleMask();
            if resizable {
                mask |= NSWindowStyleMask::Resizable;
            } else {
                mask &= !NSWindowStyleMask::Resizable;
            }
            self.set_style_mask(mask);
        }
        // Otherwise, we don't change the mask until we exit fullscreen.
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_resizable(&self) -> bool {
        self.window().isResizable()
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn set_enabled_buttons(&self, buttons: WindowButtons) {
        let mut mask = self.window().styleMask();

        if buttons.contains(WindowButtons::CLOSE) {
            mask |= NSWindowStyleMask::Closable;
        } else {
            mask &= !NSWindowStyleMask::Closable;
        }

        if buttons.contains(WindowButtons::MINIMIZE) {
            mask |= NSWindowStyleMask::Miniaturizable;
        } else {
            mask &= !NSWindowStyleMask::Miniaturizable;
        }

        // This must happen before the button's "enabled" status has been set,
        // hence we do it synchronously.
        self.set_style_mask(mask);

        // We edit the button directly instead of using `NSResizableWindowMask`,
        // since that mask also affect the resizability of the window (which is
        // controllable by other means in `winit`).
        if let Some(button) = self.window().standardWindowButton(NSWindowButton::NSWindowZoomButton)
        {
            button.setEnabled(buttons.contains(WindowButtons::MAXIMIZE));
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn enabled_buttons(&self) -> WindowButtons {
        let mut buttons = WindowButtons::empty();
        if self.window().isMiniaturizable() {
            buttons |= WindowButtons::MINIMIZE;
        }
        if self
            .window()
            .standardWindowButton(NSWindowButton::NSWindowZoomButton)
            .map(|b| b.isEnabled())
            .unwrap_or(true)
        {
            buttons |= WindowButtons::MAXIMIZE;
        }
        if self.window().hasCloseBox() {
            buttons |= WindowButtons::CLOSE;
        }
        buttons
    }

    pub fn set_cursor(&self, cursor: Cursor) {
        let view = self.view();

        let cursor = match cursor {
            Cursor::Icon(icon) => cursor_from_icon(icon),
            Cursor::Custom(cursor) => cursor.inner.0,
        };

        if view.cursor_icon() == cursor {
            return;
        }

        view.set_cursor_icon(cursor);
        self.window().invalidateCursorRectsForView(&view);
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn set_cursor_grab(&self, mode: CursorGrabMode) -> Result<(), ExternalError> {
        let associate_mouse_cursor = match mode {
            CursorGrabMode::Locked => false,
            CursorGrabMode::None => true,
            CursorGrabMode::Confined => {
                return Err(ExternalError::NotSupported(NotSupportedError::new()))
            },
        };

        // TODO: Do this for real https://stackoverflow.com/a/40922095/5435443
        CGDisplay::associate_mouse_and_mouse_cursor_position(associate_mouse_cursor)
            .map_err(|status| ExternalError::Os(os_error!(OsError::CGError(status))))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn set_cursor_visible(&self, visible: bool) {
        let view = self.view();
        let state_changed = view.set_cursor_visible(visible);
        if state_changed {
            self.window().invalidateCursorRectsForView(&view);
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn scale_factor(&self) -> f64 {
        self.window().backingScaleFactor() as _
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn set_cursor_position(&self, cursor_position: Position) -> Result<(), ExternalError> {
        let physical_window_position = self.inner_position().unwrap();
        let scale_factor = self.scale_factor();
        let window_position = physical_window_position.to_logical::<CGFloat>(scale_factor);
        let logical_cursor_position = cursor_position.to_logical::<CGFloat>(scale_factor);
        let point = CGPoint {
            x: logical_cursor_position.x + window_position.x,
            y: logical_cursor_position.y + window_position.y,
        };
        CGDisplay::warp_mouse_cursor_position(point)
            .map_err(|e| ExternalError::Os(os_error!(OsError::CGError(e))))?;
        CGDisplay::associate_mouse_and_mouse_cursor_position(true)
            .map_err(|e| ExternalError::Os(os_error!(OsError::CGError(e))))?;

        Ok(())
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn drag_window(&self) -> Result<(), ExternalError> {
        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::from(self);
        let event = NSApplication::sharedApplication(mtm).currentEvent().unwrap();
        self.window().performWindowDragWithEvent(&event);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn drag_resize_window(&self, _direction: ResizeDirection) -> Result<(), ExternalError> {
        Err(ExternalError::NotSupported(NotSupportedError::new()))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn show_window_menu(&self, _position: Position) {}

    #[inline]
    pub fn set_cursor_hittest(&self, hittest: bool) -> Result<(), ExternalError> {
        self.window().setIgnoresMouseEvents(!hittest);
        Ok(())
    }

    pub(crate) fn is_zoomed(&self) -> bool {
        // because `isZoomed` doesn't work if the window's borderless,
        // we make it resizable temporarily.
        let curr_mask = self.window().styleMask();

        let required = NSWindowStyleMask::Titled | NSWindowStyleMask::Resizable;
        let needs_temp_mask = !curr_mask.contains(required);
        if needs_temp_mask {
            self.set_style_mask(required);
        }

        let is_zoomed = self.window().isZoomed();

        // Roll back temp styles
        if needs_temp_mask {
            self.set_style_mask(curr_mask);
        }

        is_zoomed
    }

    fn saved_style(&self) -> NSWindowStyleMask {
        let base_mask =
            self.ivars().saved_style.take().unwrap_or_else(|| self.window().styleMask());
        if self.ivars().resizable.get() {
            base_mask | NSWindowStyleMask::Resizable
        } else {
            base_mask & !NSWindowStyleMask::Resizable
        }
    }

    /// This is called when the window is exiting fullscreen, whether by the
    /// user clicking on the green fullscreen button or programmatically by
    /// `toggleFullScreen:`
    pub(crate) fn restore_state_from_fullscreen(&self) {
        self.ivars().fullscreen.replace(None);

        let maximized = self.ivars().maximized.get();
        let mask = self.saved_style();

        self.set_style_mask(mask);
        self.set_maximized(maximized);
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn set_minimized(&self, minimized: bool) {
        let is_minimized = self.window().isMiniaturized();
        if is_minimized == minimized {
            return;
        }

        if minimized {
            self.window().miniaturize(Some(self));
        } else {
            unsafe { self.window().deminiaturize(Some(self)) };
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_minimized(&self) -> Option<bool> {
        Some(self.window().isMiniaturized())
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn set_maximized(&self, maximized: bool) {
        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::from(self);
        let is_zoomed = self.is_zoomed();
        if is_zoomed == maximized {
            return;
        };

        // Save the standard frame sized if it is not zoomed
        if !is_zoomed {
            self.ivars().standard_frame.set(Some(self.window().frame()));
        }

        self.ivars().maximized.set(maximized);

        if self.ivars().fullscreen.borrow().is_some() {
            // Handle it in window_did_exit_fullscreen
            return;
        }

        if self.window().styleMask().contains(NSWindowStyleMask::Resizable) {
            // Just use the native zoom if resizable
            self.window().zoom(None);
        } else {
            // if it's not resizable, we set the frame directly
            let new_rect = if maximized {
                let screen = NSScreen::mainScreen(mtm).expect("no screen found");
                screen.visibleFrame()
            } else {
                self.ivars().standard_frame.get().unwrap_or(DEFAULT_STANDARD_FRAME)
            };
            self.window().setFrame_display(new_rect, false);
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    pub(crate) fn fullscreen(&self) -> Option<Fullscreen> {
        self.ivars().fullscreen.borrow().clone()
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_maximized(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_zoomed()
    }

    #[inline]
    pub(crate) fn set_fullscreen(&self, fullscreen: Option<Fullscreen>) {
        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::from(self);
        let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(mtm);

        if self.ivars().is_simple_fullscreen.get() {
            return;
        }
        if self.ivars().in_fullscreen_transition.get() {
            // We can't set fullscreen here.
            // Set fullscreen after transition.
            self.ivars().target_fullscreen.replace(Some(fullscreen));
            return;
        }
        let old_fullscreen = self.ivars().fullscreen.borrow().clone();
        if fullscreen == old_fullscreen {
            return;
        }

        // If the fullscreen is on a different monitor, we must move the window
        // to that monitor before we toggle fullscreen (as `toggleFullScreen`
        // does not take a screen parameter, but uses the current screen)
        if let Some(ref fullscreen) = fullscreen {
            let new_screen = match fullscreen {
                Fullscreen::Borderless(Some(monitor)) => monitor.clone(),
                Fullscreen::Borderless(None) => {
                    if let Some(monitor) = self.current_monitor_inner() {
                        monitor
                    } else {
                        return;
                    }
                },
                Fullscreen::Exclusive(video_mode) => video_mode.monitor(),
            }
            .ns_screen(mtm)
            .unwrap();

            let old_screen = self.window().screen().unwrap();
            if old_screen != new_screen {
                unsafe { self.window().setFrameOrigin(new_screen.frame().origin) };
            }
        }

        if let Some(Fullscreen::Exclusive(ref video_mode)) = fullscreen {
            // Note: `enterFullScreenMode:withOptions:` seems to do the exact
            // same thing as we're doing here (captures the display, sets the
            // video mode, and hides the menu bar and dock), with the exception
            // of that I couldn't figure out how to set the display mode with
            // it. I think `enterFullScreenMode:withOptions:` is still using the
            // older display mode API where display modes were of the type
            // `CFDictionary`, but this has changed, so we can't obtain the
            // correct parameter for this any longer. Apple's code samples for
            // this function seem to just pass in "YES" for the display mode
            // parameter, which is not consistent with the docs saying that it
            // takes a `NSDictionary`..

            let display_id = video_mode.monitor().native_identifier();

            let mut fade_token = ffi::kCGDisplayFadeReservationInvalidToken;

            if matches!(old_fullscreen, Some(Fullscreen::Borderless(_))) {
                self.ivars().save_presentation_opts.replace(Some(app.presentationOptions()));
            }

            unsafe {
                // Fade to black (and wait for the fade to complete) to hide the
                // flicker from capturing the display and switching display mode
                if ffi::CGAcquireDisplayFadeReservation(5.0, &mut fade_token)
                    == ffi::kCGErrorSuccess
                {
                    ffi::CGDisplayFade(
                        fade_token,
                        0.3,
                        ffi::kCGDisplayBlendNormal,
                        ffi::kCGDisplayBlendSolidColor,
                        0.0,
                        0.0,
                        0.0,
                        ffi::TRUE,
                    );
                }

                assert_eq!(ffi::CGDisplayCapture(display_id), ffi::kCGErrorSuccess);
            }

            unsafe {
                let result = ffi::CGDisplaySetDisplayMode(
                    display_id,
                    video_mode.native_mode.0,
                    std::ptr::null(),
                );
                assert!(result == ffi::kCGErrorSuccess, "failed to set video mode");

                // After the display has been configured, fade back in
                // asynchronously
                if fade_token != ffi::kCGDisplayFadeReservationInvalidToken {
                    ffi::CGDisplayFade(
                        fade_token,
                        0.6,
                        ffi::kCGDisplayBlendSolidColor,
                        ffi::kCGDisplayBlendNormal,
                        0.0,
                        0.0,
                        0.0,
                        ffi::FALSE,
                    );
                    ffi::CGReleaseDisplayFadeReservation(fade_token);
                }
            }
        }

        self.ivars().fullscreen.replace(fullscreen.clone());

        fn toggle_fullscreen(window: &WinitWindow) {
            // Window level must be restored from `CGShieldingWindowLevel()
            // + 1` back to normal in order for `toggleFullScreen` to do
            // anything
            window.setLevel(ffi::kCGNormalWindowLevel as NSWindowLevel);
            window.toggleFullScreen(None);
        }

        match (old_fullscreen, fullscreen) {
            (None, Some(_)) => {
                // `toggleFullScreen` doesn't work if the `StyleMask` is none, so we
                // set a normal style temporarily. The previous state will be
                // restored in `WindowDelegate::window_did_exit_fullscreen`.
                let curr_mask = self.window().styleMask();
                let required = NSWindowStyleMask::Titled | NSWindowStyleMask::Resizable;
                if !curr_mask.contains(required) {
                    self.set_style_mask(required);
                    self.ivars().saved_style.set(Some(curr_mask));
                }
                toggle_fullscreen(self.window());
            },
            (Some(Fullscreen::Borderless(_)), None) => {
                // State is restored by `window_did_exit_fullscreen`
                toggle_fullscreen(self.window());
            },
            (Some(Fullscreen::Exclusive(ref video_mode)), None) => {
                unsafe {
                    ffi::CGRestorePermanentDisplayConfiguration();
                    assert_eq!(
                        ffi::CGDisplayRelease(video_mode.monitor().native_identifier()),
                        ffi::kCGErrorSuccess
                    );
                };
                toggle_fullscreen(self.window());
            },
            (Some(Fullscreen::Borderless(_)), Some(Fullscreen::Exclusive(_))) => {
                // If we're already in fullscreen mode, calling
                // `CGDisplayCapture` will place the shielding window on top of
                // our window, which results in a black display and is not what
                // we want. So, we must place our window on top of the shielding
                // window. Unfortunately, this also makes our window be on top
                // of the menu bar, and this looks broken, so we must make sure
                // that the menu bar is disabled. This is done in the window
                // delegate in `window:willUseFullScreenPresentationOptions:`.
                self.ivars().save_presentation_opts.set(Some(app.presentationOptions()));

                let presentation_options =
                    NSApplicationPresentationOptions::NSApplicationPresentationFullScreen
                        | NSApplicationPresentationOptions::NSApplicationPresentationHideDock
                        | NSApplicationPresentationOptions::NSApplicationPresentationHideMenuBar;
                app.setPresentationOptions(presentation_options);

                let window_level = unsafe { ffi::CGShieldingWindowLevel() } as NSWindowLevel + 1;
                self.window().setLevel(window_level);
            },
            (Some(Fullscreen::Exclusive(ref video_mode)), Some(Fullscreen::Borderless(_))) => {
                let presentation_options = self.ivars().save_presentation_opts.get().unwrap_or(
                    NSApplicationPresentationOptions::NSApplicationPresentationFullScreen
                        | NSApplicationPresentationOptions::NSApplicationPresentationAutoHideDock
                        | NSApplicationPresentationOptions::NSApplicationPresentationAutoHideMenuBar
                );
                app.setPresentationOptions(presentation_options);

                unsafe {
                    ffi::CGRestorePermanentDisplayConfiguration();
                    assert_eq!(
                        ffi::CGDisplayRelease(video_mode.monitor().native_identifier()),
                        ffi::kCGErrorSuccess
                    );
                };

                // Restore the normal window level following the Borderless fullscreen
                // `CGShieldingWindowLevel() + 1` hack.
                self.window().setLevel(ffi::kCGNormalWindowLevel as NSWindowLevel);
            },
            _ => {},
        };
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn set_decorations(&self, decorations: bool) {
        if decorations == self.ivars().decorations.get() {
            return;
        }

        self.ivars().decorations.set(decorations);

        let fullscreen = self.ivars().fullscreen.borrow().is_some();
        let resizable = self.ivars().resizable.get();

        // If we're in fullscreen mode, we wait to apply decoration changes
        // until we're in `window_did_exit_fullscreen`.
        if fullscreen {
            return;
        }

        let new_mask = {
            let mut new_mask = if decorations {
                NSWindowStyleMask::Closable
                    | NSWindowStyleMask::Miniaturizable
                    | NSWindowStyleMask::Resizable
                    | NSWindowStyleMask::Titled
            } else {
                NSWindowStyleMask::Borderless | NSWindowStyleMask::Resizable
            };
            if !resizable {
                new_mask &= !NSWindowStyleMask::Resizable;
            }
            new_mask
        };
        self.set_style_mask(new_mask);
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_decorated(&self) -> bool {
        self.ivars().decorations.get()
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn set_window_level(&self, level: WindowLevel) {
        let level = match level {
            WindowLevel::AlwaysOnTop => ffi::kCGFloatingWindowLevel as NSWindowLevel,
            WindowLevel::AlwaysOnBottom => (ffi::kCGNormalWindowLevel - 1) as NSWindowLevel,
            WindowLevel::Normal => ffi::kCGNormalWindowLevel as NSWindowLevel,
        };
        self.window().setLevel(level);
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn set_window_icon(&self, _icon: Option<Icon>) {
        // macOS doesn't have window icons. Though, there is
        // `setRepresentedFilename`, but that's semantically distinct and should
        // only be used when the window is in some way representing a specific
        // file/directory. For instance, Terminal.app uses this for the CWD.
        // Anyway, that should eventually be implemented as
        // `WindowAttributesExt::with_represented_file` or something, and doesn't
        // have anything to do with `set_window_icon`.
        // https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/WinPanel/Tasks/SettingWindowTitle.html
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn set_ime_cursor_area(&self, spot: Position, size: Size) {
        let scale_factor = self.scale_factor();
        let logical_spot = spot.to_logical(scale_factor);
        let logical_spot = NSPoint::new(logical_spot.x, logical_spot.y);

        let size = size.to_logical(scale_factor);
        let size = NSSize::new(size.width, size.height);

        self.view().set_ime_cursor_area(logical_spot, size);
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn set_ime_allowed(&self, allowed: bool) {
        self.view().set_ime_allowed(allowed);
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn set_ime_purpose(&self, _purpose: ImePurpose) {}

    #[inline]
    pub fn focus_window(&self) {
        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::from(self);
        let is_minimized = self.window().isMiniaturized();
        let is_visible = self.window().isVisible();

        if !is_minimized && is_visible {
            #[allow(deprecated)]
            NSApplication::sharedApplication(mtm).activateIgnoringOtherApps(true);
            self.window().makeKeyAndOrderFront(None);
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn request_user_attention(&self, request_type: Option<UserAttentionType>) {
        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::from(self);
        let ns_request_type = request_type.map(|ty| match ty {
            UserAttentionType::Critical => NSRequestUserAttentionType::NSCriticalRequest,
            UserAttentionType::Informational => NSRequestUserAttentionType::NSInformationalRequest,
        });
        if let Some(ty) = ns_request_type {
            NSApplication::sharedApplication(mtm).requestUserAttention(ty);
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    // Allow directly accessing the current monitor internally without unwrapping.
    pub(crate) fn current_monitor_inner(&self) -> Option<MonitorHandle> {
        let display_id = get_display_id(&*self.window().screen()?);
        Some(MonitorHandle::new(display_id))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn current_monitor(&self) -> Option<MonitorHandle> {
        self.current_monitor_inner()
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn available_monitors(&self) -> VecDeque<MonitorHandle> {
        monitor::available_monitors()
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn primary_monitor(&self) -> Option<MonitorHandle> {
        let monitor = monitor::primary_monitor();
        Some(monitor)
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_04")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn raw_window_handle_rwh_04(&self) -> rwh_04::RawWindowHandle {
        let mut window_handle = rwh_04::AppKitHandle::empty();
        window_handle.ns_window = self.window() as *const WinitWindow as *mut _;
        window_handle.ns_view = Retained::as_ptr(&self.contentView().unwrap()) as *mut _;
        rwh_04::RawWindowHandle::AppKit(window_handle)
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_05")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn raw_window_handle_rwh_05(&self) -> rwh_05::RawWindowHandle {
        let mut window_handle = rwh_05::AppKitWindowHandle::empty();
        window_handle.ns_window = self.window() as *const WinitWindow as *mut _;
        window_handle.ns_view = Retained::as_ptr(&self.view()) as *mut _;
        rwh_05::RawWindowHandle::AppKit(window_handle)
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_05")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn raw_display_handle_rwh_05(&self) -> rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle {
        rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle::AppKit(rwh_05::AppKitDisplayHandle::empty())
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn raw_window_handle_rwh_06(&self) -> rwh_06::RawWindowHandle {
        let window_handle = rwh_06::AppKitWindowHandle::new({
            let ptr = Retained::as_ptr(&self.view()) as *mut _;
            std::ptr::NonNull::new(ptr).expect("Retained<T> should never be null")
        });
        rwh_06::RawWindowHandle::AppKit(window_handle)
    }

    fn toggle_style_mask(&self, mask: NSWindowStyleMask, on: bool) {
        let current_style_mask = self.window().styleMask();
        if on {
            self.set_style_mask(current_style_mask | mask);
        } else {
            self.set_style_mask(current_style_mask & !mask);
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn theme(&self) -> Option<Theme> {
        self.ivars().current_theme.get()
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn has_focus(&self) -> bool {
        self.window().isKeyWindow()
    }

    pub fn set_theme(&self, theme: Option<Theme>) {
        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::from(self);
        set_ns_theme(theme, mtm);
        self.ivars().current_theme.set(theme.or_else(|| Some(get_ns_theme(mtm))));
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn set_content_protected(&self, protected: bool) {
        self.window().setSharingType(if protected {
            NSWindowSharingType::NSWindowSharingNone
        } else {
            NSWindowSharingType::NSWindowSharingReadOnly
        })
    }

    pub fn title(&self) -> String {
        self.window().title().to_string()
    }

    pub fn reset_dead_keys(&self) {
        // (Artur) I couldn't find a way to implement this.
    }
}

impl WindowExtMacOS for WindowDelegate {
    #[inline]
    fn simple_fullscreen(&self) -> bool {
        self.ivars().is_simple_fullscreen.get()
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_simple_fullscreen(&self, fullscreen: bool) -> bool {
        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::from(self);

        let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(mtm);
        let is_native_fullscreen = self.ivars().fullscreen.borrow().is_some();
        let is_simple_fullscreen = self.ivars().is_simple_fullscreen.get();

        // Do nothing if native fullscreen is active.
        if is_native_fullscreen
            || (fullscreen && is_simple_fullscreen)
            || (!fullscreen && !is_simple_fullscreen)
        {
            return false;
        }

        if fullscreen {
            // Remember the original window's settings
            // Exclude title bar
            self.ivars()
                .standard_frame
                .set(Some(self.window().contentRectForFrameRect(self.window().frame())));
            self.ivars().saved_style.set(Some(self.window().styleMask()));
            self.ivars().save_presentation_opts.set(Some(app.presentationOptions()));

            // Tell our window's state that we're in fullscreen
            self.ivars().is_simple_fullscreen.set(true);

            // Simulate pre-Lion fullscreen by hiding the dock and menu bar
            let presentation_options =
                NSApplicationPresentationOptions::NSApplicationPresentationAutoHideDock
                    | NSApplicationPresentationOptions::NSApplicationPresentationAutoHideMenuBar;
            app.setPresentationOptions(presentation_options);

            // Hide the titlebar
            self.toggle_style_mask(NSWindowStyleMask::Titled, false);

            // Set the window frame to the screen frame size
            let screen = self.window().screen().expect("expected screen to be available");
            self.window().setFrame_display(screen.frame(), true);

            // Fullscreen windows can't be resized, minimized, or moved
            self.toggle_style_mask(NSWindowStyleMask::Miniaturizable, false);
            self.toggle_style_mask(NSWindowStyleMask::Resizable, false);
            self.window().setMovable(false);

            true
        } else {
            let new_mask = self.saved_style();
            self.set_style_mask(new_mask);
            self.ivars().is_simple_fullscreen.set(false);

            let save_presentation_opts = self.ivars().save_presentation_opts.get();
            let frame = self.ivars().standard_frame.get().unwrap_or(DEFAULT_STANDARD_FRAME);

            if let Some(presentation_opts) = save_presentation_opts {
                app.setPresentationOptions(presentation_opts);
            }

            self.window().setFrame_display(frame, true);
            self.window().setMovable(true);

            true
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    fn has_shadow(&self) -> bool {
        self.window().hasShadow()
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_has_shadow(&self, has_shadow: bool) {
        self.window().setHasShadow(has_shadow)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_tabbing_identifier(&self, identifier: &str) {
        self.window().setTabbingIdentifier(&NSString::from_str(identifier))
    }

    #[inline]
    fn tabbing_identifier(&self) -> String {
        self.window().tabbingIdentifier().to_string()
    }

    #[inline]
    fn select_next_tab(&self) {
        self.window().selectNextTab(None)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn select_previous_tab(&self) {
        unsafe { self.window().selectPreviousTab(None) }
    }

    #[inline]
    fn select_tab_at_index(&self, index: usize) {
        if let Some(group) = self.window().tabGroup() {
            if let Some(windows) = unsafe { self.window().tabbedWindows() } {
                if index < windows.len() {
                    group.setSelectedWindow(Some(&windows[index]));
                }
            }
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    fn num_tabs(&self) -> usize {
        unsafe { self.window().tabbedWindows() }.map(|windows| windows.len()).unwrap_or(1)
    }

    fn is_document_edited(&self) -> bool {
        self.window().isDocumentEdited()
    }

    fn set_document_edited(&self, edited: bool) {
        self.window().setDocumentEdited(edited)
    }

    fn set_option_as_alt(&self, option_as_alt: OptionAsAlt) {
        self.view().set_option_as_alt(option_as_alt);
    }

    fn option_as_alt(&self) -> OptionAsAlt {
        self.view().option_as_alt()
    }
}

const DEFAULT_STANDARD_FRAME: NSRect =
    NSRect::new(NSPoint::new(50.0, 50.0), NSSize::new(800.0, 600.0));

pub(super) fn get_ns_theme(mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> Theme {
    let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(mtm);
    if !app.respondsToSelector(sel!(effectiveAppearance)) {
        return Theme::Light;
    }
    let appearance = app.effectiveAppearance();
    let name = appearance
        .bestMatchFromAppearancesWithNames(&NSArray::from_id_slice(&[
            NSString::from_str("NSAppearanceNameAqua"),
            NSString::from_str("NSAppearanceNameDarkAqua"),
        ]))
        .unwrap();
    match &*name.to_string() {
        "NSAppearanceNameDarkAqua" => Theme::Dark,
        _ => Theme::Light,
    }
}

fn set_ns_theme(theme: Option<Theme>, mtm: MainThreadMarker) {
    let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(mtm);
    if app.respondsToSelector(sel!(effectiveAppearance)) {
        let appearance = theme.map(|t| {
            let name = match t {
                Theme::Dark => NSString::from_str("NSAppearanceNameDarkAqua"),
                Theme::Light => NSString::from_str("NSAppearanceNameAqua"),
            };
            NSAppearance::appearanceNamed(&name).unwrap()
        });
        app.setAppearance(appearance.as_ref().map(|a| a.as_ref()));
    }
}